Abstract: To address issues such as cracks, porosity, and deformation that are prone to occur in cladding layers, this article uses G-X5CrNi134 martensitic stainless steel as the substrate and Stellite 6 cobalt-based alloy as the laser cladding powder. A regression model was established based on previous experimental data using software such as Design-Expert 13. Response surface analysis was employed to analyze the resulting mathematical model, and the optimal laser cladding process parameters were determined as follows: laser power of 2000 W, powder feeding rate of 7.34 g/min, and scanning speed of 350 mm/min. Laser cladding experiments confirmed that the Stellite 6 cobalt-based coating prepared under the optimal parameters is tightly bonded to the substrate, is free of defects such as porosity and cracks, and has a moderate aspect ratio. This experiment proposes an optimized strategy for laser cladding of cobalt-based coatings, integrating parameter optimization modeling and virtual simulation. It combines the application of diverse data analysis tools with an in-depth understanding of experimental processes, and offers strong cross-platform scalability and adaptability for engineering education. This approach is well-suited for research-oriented materials design experiments in undergraduate teaching, effectively fostering students’ innovative thinking and comprehensive practical skills.