Abstract: Taking the medical undergraduates of Sichuan University who graduated in 2016 as an example, a systematic study was conducted on the effects of undergraduate scientific research training (USRT) on students’ ability cultivation and the influencing factors based on hierarchical linear model analysis. This study extracted several effective factors influencing the ability cultivation of USRT. The effect of research participation on ability cultivation was in focus. This study makes up for the lack of current domestic relevant researches to some extent. It helps to provide appropriate decision-making references for teachers and students participating in USRT. This study is a brand-new and useful exploration to improve the effect of USRT in the practical education of medicine.